Harpokration, Lexicon of the Ten Orators

§ s15 Sinope: Demosthenes in For Ktesiphon. Herodikos in book six of Komodoumenoi says that Sinope the courtesan used to be called'Abydos' owing to the fact that she was an old woman.

§ s16 Sipya: Lysias in On a Half-Share of Makartatos' Property. The sipya is a container for grain, and it appears often in the old comic poets: Eupolis in the Golden Race, Aristophanes in Telmessians.

§ s17 Siteresion (allowance): What is given to some for sustenance. Demosthenes in On the Expense of the Trierarchy.

§ s18 Sitos [grain]: Demosthenes in Against Aphobos 1. The allowance given to women or orphans for sustenance is called sitos, as can also be learn from, among others, the first tablet of Solon and Aristotle's Constitution of the Athenians. Timaxidas holds that tokos [interest] is called sitos by Attic writers, but he does not know that tokos is never ever called sitos by them, one word for the other.

§ s19 Sitophylakes (grain wardens): Deinarchos in the impeachment Against Kallisthenes. There was a magistracy at Athens that used to take care that the grain would be sold lawfully, also barley meal and bread. They were ten in number: five in the city, and five in the Peiraieus, as Aristotle says in the Constitution of the Athenians.

§ s20 Skambonidai: Lykourgos in the diadikasia of the Krokonidai. It is a deme of the tribe Leontis.

§ s21 Skaphephoroi (bowl-carriers): Deinarchos in Against Agasikles says, “who will walk up onto the Akropolis as ephebes instead of bowl-carriers, having gratitude not for you for citizenship but to this man's money,” for'metics.' For they used to carry bowls at Athens (at the Panathenaia ). Demetrios at any rate in book three of Legislation says that the law used to command the metics in the processions, that they themselves carry bowls and their daughters (carry) pitchers and parasols. Theophrastos too has discussed these things in book ten of Laws.

§ s22 Skaphion (bowl cut): Antiphon in the defense against the public suit of Demosthenes. That the'skaphion' is a type of haircut Aristophanes also (shows) in Old Age.

§ s23 Skeuopoiounta to pragma (manufacturing the matter): Hypereides in Against Mantitheos, for'contriving' and'fabricating' and'forging.'.

§ s24 Skenites [tent man]: Isokrates, Banker, “ Pythodoros, called the skenites.” This seems to be a nickname. Perhaps he was called this because he was a market-trader because he had sold lots of goods from tents.

§ s25 Skenen de en echousin: “And a skene that they have, but though they have taken this [Dem. 41.11: οὐδέ γε ταύτην] they do not refer to it:” Demosthenes in Against Spoudias. It seems to be an implement, which in fact some say is a woman's ornament and others a parasol.

§ s26 Skepsis: Demosthenes, Against Aristokrates. A city in the Troad, which several mention, including Ephoros in book 15.

§ s27 Skiathos: Demosthenes in the Philippics. It is an island near Euboia.

§ s28 Skiapodes [shadowfeet]: Antiphon in On Agreement. A Libyan people. Ktesias in Periplous of Asia says “Beyond them are the Skiapodes, who really have flat feet like those of geese and when it is hot they lie on their backs, lift up their legs and shade themselves with their feet.”.

§ s29 Skiron: Lykourgos in On the Priestess. Skira is a festival among Athenians after which also the month Skirophorion (is named). Those who have written about the months and festivals at Athens, of whom Lysimachides is also one, say that the skiron is a large parasol, under which, as it is carried, the priestess of Athena and the priest of Poseidon and of Helios process from the Akropolis to a certain place called Skiron. And the Eteoboutadai convey this. This takes place a symbol of the need to construct buildings and make shelters, on grounds that this is the best time for contruction. And Athenians honor Athena Skiras, whom Philochoros in book two of Atthis (says) was called after Skiros, a certain Eleusinian seer; but Praxion in book two of the Megarika (says that she was called) after Skiron.

§ s30 Skiraphia: Deinarchos in the Against Proxenos. They called “kybeuteria” [gambling houses] skiraphia, because the gamblers spent time on Skiros, as Theopompos mentions in book 50.

§ s31 Skythikai [ Scythians ]: Lysias in the For Bacchios and Pythagoras, if genuine. Skythikai are a kind of sandal. Alkaios in Book 8 “and putting on Scythians.”.

§ s32 Smikythion: Demosthenes in Against Aristokrates. A proper name.

§ s33 Soloi: Isokrates, Euagoras. Soloi is a Cypriot city and one in Cilicia, as several record, including Ephoros in book 5.

§ s34 Spartolos: Antiphon in the speech titled'Guardianship case against Timokrates.' Spartolos is a city in Bottike.

§ s35 Spermologos [Seed-collector]: Demosthenes, For Ktesiphon. A small flocking bird is named the spermologos, because (it seems) it collects up seeds; Aristophanes mentions this in Birds. So it is used of a cheap and rightly despised man, perhaps also because the spermologos lives off others.

§ s36 Stasiotes (partisan): Antiphon on On the Revolution: “Thus, according to the charges that Apolexis has brought, that I was a partisan, and my grandfather.” Here the orator seems to have used the word in a special sense applying to a bodyguard. In what follows at any rate he says that their ancestors would not have been able to punish the tyrants but unable (to punish) their bodyguards.

§ s37 Staphyloboleion (treading vat): Isaios in Against Diokles. It is the so-called treading vat, as Androtion or Philippos (says) in the Georgikon.

§ s38 Stephanephoros (crown bearer): Antiphon in Against Nikokles. There was, so it seems, a hero-shrine of Stephanephoros in Athens. And Stephanephoros either would be one of the sons of Herakles who were born from the daughters of Thestios, whom Hellanikos mentions in book ten of Phoronis, or perhaps the hero-shrine belonged to the Attic Stephanephoros, whom again the same Hellanikos has mentioned in book two of Atthis.

§ s39 Stephanon tous nenikekotas (crowning the victors): Demosthenes in Against Aischines, for'honoring.' And Lykourgos in On Administration says, “But in fact you also crowned Kallisthenes with a hundred minas.” Also among others'to crown' is applied in the same sense, for example in Theompompos in book fifty-seven and in Menander in The Man Who Grieves for Himself.

§ s40 Steirieus: Hypereides, Against Archestratides. Steiria is a deme of the tribe Pandionis.

§ s41 Strateia en tois eponymois (campaign among the eponymous heroes): Aischines in On the Embassy. What the campaign among the eponymous heroes was Aristotle shows in the Constitution of the Athenians, saying, “There are ten eponymous heroes of the tribes and forty-two of the age-cohorts. And the ephebes who are registered formerly used to be registered on whitened tablets, and with them were registered the archon under whom they were registered and the eponymous hero who (i.e. whose age-cohort) served as arbitrator in the previous year. But now they are recorded before the council. And after a bit (he says), ”They use the eponymous heroes also for campaigns, and whenever they send out an age-cohort they prescribe from which eponymous archon to which must go on campaign." Philochoros too has discussed this in book four of the Atthis.

§ s42 Strategoi [generals]: Demosthenes, Philippics. 10 strategoi were elected each year by show of hands, as is learnt from Hypereides' Against Autokles and the Athenian Constitution of Aristotle.

§ s43 Strabax: proper name.

§ s44 Strepsa: Aischines in On the Embassy. It is a city in Thrace, as Hellanikos indicates in book two of Persika. The citizens of Strepsa are called Strepsaioi.

§ s45 Streptous (twists): Demosthenes in For Ktesiphon. Twists are a type of cake, as also appears among others.

§ s46 Strombichides: Lysias in the For Dexios the freedman. Proper name.

§ s47 Strouthes: Lysias in Against Thrasyboulos. He was a satrap of the king.

§ s48 Strophades islands: Deinarchos in the Tyrrhenikos. They are certain islands lying between Zakynthos and Elis.

§ s49 Stryme: Demosthenes in the On the Trierarchy. Herakleides or Philostephanos in the On Customs say “The apoikiai [colonies] of the Thasians in Thrace are Galepsos and the island of Stryme,” and it is a trading post of the Thasians. Philochoros records a dispute of the Thasians with the Maroneians about Stryme in book 5, citing Archilochos as a source.

§ s50 Styrax: Lysias in Against Lystitheus. The lower butt of the spear is called a'styrax,' which they were accustomed to plant firmly in the ground, as Thucydides says somewhere, “using the butt of a javelin, instead of a bar, for the bolt.”.

§ s51 Stroter (cross beam): Lykourgos, Against Ischyrias. They used to call the little beams that are laid on top of the rafters'cross beams,' as Didymos says. The word appears also in Aristophanes' Babylonians.

§ s52 Sylas (reprisals): Demosthenes in On the Crown for the Trierarchy. And in the counter-suit Against Lakritos: “unloading whensoever there is not right of reprisal against Athenians.” And in what follows, as if explaining this, he says, “We have been stripped of our property by these Phaselites, as if rights of reprisal had been granted to Phaselites against Athenians. For since they are unwilling to give back what they took, what other word could one apply to such than that they make off with another's things?” They used to say'sylas' (reprisals) for'syleseis' (plunderings).

§ s53 Sylloges: Name of an office. Isaios in the Metoikikos shows (this) quite clearly.

§ s54 Symbola: The agreements, in making which cities arrange for their citizens so as to give and receive justice. Demosthenes, often in the seventh of the Philippics; also Isaios in Against Elpagoras.

§ s55 Symmory: Demosthenes in Against Aphobos one. The whole population was not divided into symmories at Athens, as it is among us, but only the rich and those able to pay property tax to the city. Demosthenes at any rate says in On the Symmories, speaking about the twelve hundred richest men, “Thus out of these I believe we should make twenty symmories, just as it is now, each containing sixty people.” But Hypereides in Against Polyektos says, “for there are in each symmory fifteen men.” It is not necessary to wonder how Demosthenes says the symmory contains twenty men, but Hypereides fifteen, for he tells the reason in Against Pasikles, writing the following: “While the richest men, misleading the city with five or six others, were spending modestly as trierarchs, these men kept quiet; but since Demosthenes, having noticed this, established laws that the three hundred are to serve as trierarchs, and the trierarchies have become burdensome, now Phormion steals himself away.” That naturalized citizens also used to be enrolled in the symmories Hypereides has made clear many times in Against Polyeuktos. Those who have a share in the same symmory with each other are symmoritai, as Hypereides demonstrates in the same speech. Athenians were first divided into symmories in the archonship of Nausinikos, as Philochoros says in Atthis book five.

§ s56 Syggrapheis (commissioners): Isokrates in the Areopagitikos. It was customary among Athenians, whenever necessary, to choose a certain number, which on a specified day introduces motions to the Assembly. This happened even before the establishment of the Four Hundred, as Thucydides in the eighth book says: “at this opportunity those around Peisander arrived and at once laid hold of the rest, and first gathering together the people they proposed a motion, that ten men be chosen as commissioners with full powers, and that these men, having drafted a motion, bring it to the Assembly on a specified day, as to how best the city would be managed. There were in all thirty commissioners who were chosen then, as Androtion and Philochoros say, each in the Atthis, but Thucydides mentioned the ten probouloi only.

§ s57 Syndikoi: Isaios in Against Elpagoras and Demophanes says, “who after the (return) from Peiraieus, as I hear, were special judges, to whom (lists of) confiscated property were handed in.” Also Lysias in Against Dexippos, if it is genuine: “And where else is this man courageous, submitting public actions before the thesmothetai, submitting lists of owed property before the syndikoi.” Perhaps, then, it was a certain office established after the return from Peiraieus.

§ s58 Synegoroi (supporting speakers): Antiphon in the defense against the public suit of Demosthenes and in On the Lindians' Tribute. Certain people among Athenians seem to be elected as supporting speakers with a view to speaking speaking in support (of a lititgant).

§ s59 Sygkletos ekklesia (summoned assembly): Of the assemblies some occurred by custom and month by month, but if something suddenly should make it urgent that there be an assembly, this used to be called a'summoned assembly:' Demosthenes in Against Aischines.

§ s60 Syntaxis [arrangement]: instead of syntetagmene diokesis [assigned finances]. Demosthenes, Philippics, “and that there was a mina syntaxis, which was taking and doing what was necessary.” They also called the phoroi [tributes] syntaxeis, since the Greeks hated the word phoroi. Kallistrates called it this, as Theopompos says in book 10 of the Philippika. Hypereides, Delian, “We give syntaxis to no one now, but we once thought we deserved to take it.”.

§ s61 Synteleis (joint contributors): Those who jointly spend and jointly contribute. The act is called'synteleia,' as is possibly to find in Antiphon's On the Samothracians' Tribute. Demosthenes in For Ktesiphon.

§ s62 Sphettos: Isaios in Against the Demesmen Concerning an Estate. Sphettos is a deme of the tribe of Akamantis.

§ s63 Sphodrias: Isaios in Against the Megarians, if it is genuine. Sphodrias was a general of the Lakedaimonians. Kallisthenes in book two of Hellenika says that he was both very simple and vain in his hopes.

§ t1 Taureas: proper name.

§ t2 Tamiai [treasurers]: Isaios in one of the speeches about inheritance. The tamiai were an Athenian magistracy, there were 10 of them. They assumed responsibility for the statue of Athena, the Victories, the other [sacred] decorations and the money in the presence of the boule [council], as Aristotle says in the Constitution of the Athenians. But there are also tamiai of the holy triremes, as the same philosopher says. That tamiai also attended the trierarchs is made clear by Eupolis in Marikas.

§ t3 Tamynai: Aischines, Against Ktesiphon. Tamynai is a city in Euboia in the territory of the Eretrians, where there is also a sanctuary of Apollo, as both those who wrote Euboika, and Simonides, in the dirge for Lysimachos of Eretria, attest.

§ t4 Ta ton phoron kreitto (The lot of thieves is better): Hypereides in Against Athenogenes two. It is a proverb said against those who carry off more than the crimes they committed.

§ t5 Tetartemorion: Deinarchos in the impeachment Against Kallisthenes. The fourth part of the obol, that is two chalkoi, is a tetartemorion.

§ t6 Tetrakosioi (four hundred): Antiphon in On the Revolution. The 400 were established at Athens 7 years before the 30 tyrants, who (the 400) ruled the city for 4 months, as Aristotle says in the Constitution of the Athenians.

§ t7 Tetrarchia (tetrarchy): Demosthenes in the Philippics. Inasmuch as there are four parts of Thessaly, each part used to be called a'tetras' as Hellanikos says in the Thessalika. He says that the tetrades have the names, Thessaliotis, Phthiotis, Pelasgiotis, and Hestiaiotis. And Aristotle in the Common Constitution of the Thessalians says that under Aleuas son of Pyrrhos Thessaly was divided into 4 parts. Demosthenes, then, would be talking about the tetrarchy. That Philip established a ruler over each of these parts others have shown, including Theopompos in the 44th book.

§ t8 Tetrupemene (pierced): Aischines, Against Timarchos. Aristotle in the Constitution of the Athenians writes this: “There are two bronze ballots with a little pipe in the middle, half pierced and half intact. Those who are chosen to be in charge of the votes, once the speeches have been said, distribute to each of the jurors two ballots, a pierced one and an intact one, plain to see by the litigants so that (the jurors) do not receive either both intact or both pierced (τετρυπημένας] ἀμφ[ο]τέρας Ath.Pol.68.2).”.

§ t9 Tetyphomai (I have gone crazy): Demosthenes, For Ktesiphon. For'I have been thunderstruck,''I have gone out of my mind,' either from lightning, or from the thunderbolts poured forth against Typhon, or from the so-called Typhonic winds, which indeed themselves drive (one) out (of one's mind), crashing down all at once. And therefore Alkaios says: “Typhos has completely snatched your wits from you.”.

§ t10 Telephanes: An aulete (flute-player): Demosthenes Against Meidias. A proper name.

§ t11 Tenos: One of the islands of the Kyklades.

§ t12 Tetes (this year): For'in this year:' Lysias in the defense Against Pythodoros, if it is genuine. Aristophanes in Old Age, and others.

§ t13 Tilphossaion: Demosthenes, Against Aischines. It is a mountain, a short distance from Lake Kopais, as Theopompos (says) in the Philippica.

§ t14 Timema (estimate, valuation, evaluated security): For'pledge' and as it were'security,' Lysias in For Kallias: “these men claiming that they will contract for more and put down a timema.” In what follows he calls this a security (apotimema). It is used also for, as it were,'capital' (kephalaion), as in Demosthenes' On the Symmories. The eisphora paid by each out of his property is also called timema in the same author, in Against Aphobos. In Against Meidias it has been said applying to “punishment” (timoria).

§ t15 Titakidai: Isaios in Against Nikokles. Titakidai is a deme of the tribe Aiantis, as Nikandros the Thyateiran shows in On the Demes. And perhaps it was named after Titakos, whom Herodotos mentions.

§ t16 Topeion (cord): Isaios, Against Diokles. They call ropes cords; Strattis, in Macedonians: “Numberless men drag this peplos, hauling with cords to the top like the mast of a sail.” Archippus, in Donkey: “They raise these things by tackle and cords not without toil.” Theopompus in book 31 has clarified what this means in Demosthenes' Philippics: “and that secret once gossiped about.” For he says, “and he sends as ambassadors to Philip Antiphon and Charidemos to treat also for friendship, who when they arrived attempted to persuade him in secret to cooperate with the Athenians so that they receive Amphipolis, promising Pydna. But the ambassadors of the Athenians did not announce anything to the people, wishing to avoid the Pydnaeans' noticing that they intended to betray them, and they acted with the council in secret.”.

§ t17 Torone: Isokrates, in Panathenaikos. A city in Thrace as Ephoros recounts in book 4.

§ t18 Tous heterous tragoidous agonieitai (he will compete with the other tragic actors): Lykourgos in Against Demades. Didymos says that it is a proverb applied to those who adapt and make themselves august against the opposition.

§ t19 Tous choris oikountes (those living apart): Demosthenes in the Philippics: “and after that it is resolved to embark the metics and those who live apart from their masters.” On the contrary, even without the addition the plain meaning would be obvious, because freedmen used to live on their own, apart from those who freed them, but used to live with them while they were still slaving.

§ t20 Tragic Ape: Demosthenes in For Ktesiphon. The orator seems to say this on the grounds both that Aeschines was unsuccessful in his acting, and that he was more an imitator of tragic performers than capable of tragic performance.

§ t21 Trapezophoros (table-bearer): Lykourgos in On the Priestess (says) that the trapezophoros is a name of a priesthood. And that both she and the kosmo manage everything with the priestess of Athena, the orator has shown in the same speech, as has Istros in the 13th book of the Attic synagogai.

§ t22 Triakas (thirtieth day): The thirtieth day after death used to be observed for the dead and used to be called the'triakas,' as Hypereides makes clear in On the Estate of Hippeus, calling the day in the singular and the plural, triakas and triakades.

§ t23 Triboneuomenoi: Antiphon in On the Lindians' Tribute. Either for'producing delays' or for'contriving,' after being'practiced' in matters.

§ t24 Trigonon dikasterion (triangular court): Lykourgos, Against Aristogeiton. It is a name of a court, perhaps even because it is triangular in shape. Menander, in the — - —, and others mention it.

§ t25 Trierarchema: the expense for a trierarchy. Demosthenes in On the Expense of the Trierarchy. And what is spent after the time of the trierarchy is'epitrierarchema.'.

§ t26 Trikaranon: Demosthenes in For the Megapolitans. There is a fort in the Argive territory so called.

§ t27 Trikephalos [triple head]: Isaios in the Against Eukleides, “a little above the Trikephalos on the Hestia road.” The full [name] is the trikephalos Herm. Philochoros says in book 3 that Eukleides set it up in Ankyle.

§ t28 Triptera (vat): Isaios in Against Diokles. Nikandros in book 10 of The Attic Dialect says that a tripter is a flat basin, like wine press (basins). One could apply it to this here in the orator; for the word also denotes many other things.

§ t29 Tritemorion: Deinarchos, Against Kallisthenes. Philemon shows, in the beginning of Sardios, that 6 chalks are a tritemorion.

§ t30 Triton hemidachmon (third half-drachma): The ancients were accustomed to call 2 and a half drachmas thus.

§ t31 Tritopatores [three-fathered ones]: Demon in the Attic History says that the winds are the Tritopatores, and Philochoros says that the Tritopatores were born first of all things. For he says that people at that time understood that the Earth and the Sun (which they also called Apollo ) were their ancestors, but that the three fathers were born from them. Panodemos in book 6 says that the Athenians alone sacrificed and prayed to them for the birth of children, whenever they were about to marry. In the Nature of Orpheus, the Tritopatores are called Amalkeides, Protoklea, and Protokreon and they are the door keepers and guardians of the winds. The poet of the Explanation says that they are children of Sky and Earth and that their names are Kottos, Briareos and Gyges.

§ t32 Tritomenis: Lykourgos in On the Festival. The third of the month was called the “Tritomenis” and Athena seems to have been born at that time. Istros also says that she is called Tritogeneia because of this and is equated with the Moon.

§ t33 Trittys (third): Aischines in Against Ktesiphon. The third part of the tribe was a trittys. For it was divided into three parts, trittyes and ethne and phratries, as Aristotle says in the Constitution of the Athenians.

§ t34 Tyrmeidai: Hypereides in For Xenophilos. Tyrmeidai is a deme of the tribe Oineis, as Diodoros says.

§ t35 Tyrtaios: Lykourgos in Against Leokrates. The elegiac poet.

§ y1 Hyakinthides: Lykourgos in the impeachment Against Lykophron. They are the daughters of Hyakinthos the Lakedaimonian.

§ y2 Hybadai: Lysias in On the Daughter of Onomakles. It is a deme of the tribe Leontis.

§ y3 Hygieia Athena: Lykourgos in On the Priestess. It is an eponym of Athena; for also she is also called Hygieia and Nike and Hippia and Ergane.

§ y4 Hypagousin (they lead under): For'they lead forward:' Demosthenes in the Philippics.

§ y5 Hyperbolos: Antiphon in Against Nikokles. And he was a demagogue whom Thoukydides, in book 8, says was ostracized.

§ y6 Hyperemeroi (overdue): those who owe any kind of penalty and do not pay the fines to the victors within the prescribed times were called'hyperemeroi,' and the thing (was called)'hyperemeria,' as Isaios indicates in Against Aristokles, if the speech is genuine.

§ y7 Hypo gen oikountes (living underground): Antiphon in On Concord. He would mean those called by Skylax, in the Periplous,'Troglodytes,' and named by Hesiod in book 3 of the Catalogue,'Subterraneans.'.

§ y8 Hypokydeis gar estin hoi topoi (for the places are marshes): Deinarchos in Against Stephanos. A wet place is a'marsh' as is clear from the third book of Ktesias. Euphorion: “And like a marshy meadow.” Moreover, in some of the copies in this orator'hypokoiloi' (slightly concave) has been written.

§ y9 Hypologon (accountable): Lysias, On Abortion, if it is genuine: “not being accountable” for'not in account.' Deinarchos in Against Pytheas: “no one was accountable to the council” for (there was)'no pardon,''no entreaty.'.

§ y10 Hyponomeuontes (tunneling/mining): for'digging tunnels/mines:' Deinarchos in Against Kalippos.

§ y11 Hypostesas: For'having suggested.' Hypereides in Against Antias.

§ y12 Hypophonia (murder-price): Money given in the case of murder to family members of the one murdered, so that they do not prosecute: Deinarchos in Against Kallisthenes and Against Phormisios, and Theophrastos in book 10 of Laws.

§ y13 Hypomosia: to put off a trial using as a pretext travel abroad or disease or anything similar, with an oath, used to be so called, and to do this was to'put off by swearing,' as is clear from others and from Demosthenes, Against Olympidoros.

§ y14 Hysiai: Hyperides in On Behalf of Xenophilos. Hysiai is a city of Boiotia, which Euripides also mentions in Antiope.

§ ph1 Phalangia: Hypereides in Against Aristagoras 2 (says) that a phalangion is any creature among those that bite. Xenophon also makes it clear in book 1 of Memorabilia.

§ ph2 Phaleron: Lysias in Against Lysitheos. Phaleron is a deme of the tribe Antiochis, the demesman from which is a Phalereus.