Theravāda Vinaya — Mahāvibhaṅga — Saṅghādisesakaṇḍa
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.4
Āpattiṁ ropetvā byattena bhikkhunā paṭibalena saṅgho ñāpetabbo—
A competent and capable monk should then inform the Sangha:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.5
‘Suṇātu me, bhante, saṅgho.
‘Please, venerables, I ask the Sangha to listen.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.6
Ime assajipunabbasukā bhikkhū kuladūsakā pāpasamācārā. Imesaṁ pāpakā samācārā dissanti ceva suyyanti ca. Kulāni ca imehi duṭṭhāni dissanti ceva suyyanti ca.
These monks, Assaji and Punabbasuka, are corrupters of families and badly behaved. Their bad behavior has been seen and heard about, and the families corrupted by them have been seen and heard about.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.7
Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho assajipunabbasukānaṁ bhikkhūnaṁ kīṭāgirismā pabbājanīyakammaṁ kareyya—“na assajipunabbasukehi bhikkhūhi kīṭāgirismiṁ vatthabban”ti.
If the Sangha is ready, it should do a legal procedure of banishment from Kīṭāgiri against the monks Assaji and Punabbasuka, prohibiting them from staying at Kīṭāgiri.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.8
Esā ñatti.
This is the motion.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.9
Suṇātu me, bhante, saṅgho.
Please, venerables, I ask the Sangha to listen.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.10
Ime assajipunabbasukā bhikkhū kuladūsakā pāpasamācārā. Imesaṁ pāpakā samācārā dissanti ceva suyyanti ca. Kulāni ca imehi duṭṭhāni dissanti ceva suyyanti ca.
These monks, Assaji and Punabbasuka, are corrupters of families and badly behaved. Their bad behavior has been seen and heard about, and the families corrupted by them have been seen and heard about.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.11
Saṅgho assajipunabbasukānaṁ bhikkhūnaṁ kīṭāgirismā pabbājanīyakammaṁ karoti—“na assajipunabbasukehi bhikkhūhi kīṭāgirismiṁ vatthabban”ti.
The Sangha does a legal procedure of banishment from Kīṭāgiri against the monks Assaji and Punabbasuka, prohibiting them from staying at Kīṭāgiri.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.12
Yassāyasmato khamati assajipunabbasukānaṁ bhikkhūnaṁ kīṭāgirismā pabbājanīyakammassa karaṇaṁ—“na assajipunabbasukehi bhikkhūhi kīṭāgirismiṁ vatthabban”ti, so tuṇhassa;
Any monk who approves of doing a legal procedure of banishment from Kīṭāgiri against the monks Assaji and Punabbasuka, prohibiting them from staying at Kīṭāgiri, should remain silent.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.13
yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya.
Any monk who doesn’t approve should speak up.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.14
Dutiyampi etamatthaṁ vadāmi …pe…
For the second time, I speak on this matter. …
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.15
tatiyampi etamatthaṁ vadāmi—suṇātu me, bhante, saṅgho …pe… so bhāseyya.
For the third time, I speak on this matter. Please, venerables, I ask the Sangha to listen. … should speak up.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.16
Kataṁ saṅghena assajipunabbasukānaṁ bhikkhūnaṁ kīṭāgirismā pabbājanīyakammaṁ—“na assajipunabbasukehi bhikkhūhi kīṭāgirismiṁ vatthabban”ti.
The Sangha has done a legal procedure of banishment from Kīṭāgiri against the monks Assaji and Punabbasuka, prohibiting them from staying at Kīṭāgiri.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.7.17
Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī, evametaṁ dhārayāmī’”ti.
The Sangha approves and is therefore silent. I will remember it thus.’”
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.1
Atha kho sāriputtamoggallānappamukho bhikkhusaṅgho kīṭāgiriṁ gantvā assajipunabbasukānaṁ bhikkhūnaṁ kīṭāgirismā pabbājanīyakammaṁ akāsi—“na assajipunabbasukehi bhikkhūhi kīṭāgirismiṁ vatthabban”ti.
Soon afterwards a sangha of monks, headed by Sāriputta and Moggallāna, went to Kīṭāgiri and did the procedure of banishment against Assaji and Punabbasuka, prohibiting them from staying at Kīṭāgiri.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.2
Te saṅghena pabbājanīyakammakatā na sammā vattanti, na lomaṁ pātenti, na netthāraṁ vattanti, na bhikkhū khamāpenti, akkosanti paribhāsanti chandagāmitā dosagāmitā mohagāmitā bhayagāmitā pāpenti, pakkamantipi, vibbhamantipi.
After the Sangha had done the procedure, those monks did not conduct themselves properly or suitably so as to deserve to be released, nor did they ask the monks for forgiveness. Instead they abused and reviled them, and they slandered them as acting from favoritism, ill will, confusion, and fear. And they left and they disrobed.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.3
Ye te bhikkhū appicchā …pe… te ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti—
The monks of few desires complained and criticized them,
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.4
“kathañhi nāma assajipunabbasukā bhikkhū saṅghena pabbājanīyakammakatā na sammā vattissanti, na lomaṁ pātessanti, na netthāraṁ vattissanti, na bhikkhū khamāpessanti, akkosissanti paribhāsissanti, chandagāmitā dosagāmitā mohagāmitā bhayagāmitā pāpessanti pakkamissantipi vibbhamissantipī”ti.
“How can these monks act in this way when the Sangha has done a legal procedure of banishment against them?”
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.5
Atha kho te bhikkhū assajipunabbasuke bhikkhū anekapariyāyena vigarahitvā bhagavato etamatthaṁ ārocesuṁ …pe…
They rebuked the monks Assaji and Punabbasuka in many ways and then told the Buddha. Soon afterwards he had the Sangha gathered and questioned the monks:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.6
“saccaṁ kira, bhikkhave, assajipunabbasukā bhikkhū saṅghena pabbājanīyakammakatā na sammā vattanti …pe… vibbhamantipī”ti?
“Is it true, monks, that the monks Assaji and Punabbasuka acted in this way?”
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.7
“Saccaṁ, bhagavā”ti.
“It’s true, sir.”
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.8
Vigarahi buddho bhagavā …pe…
The Buddha rebuked them …
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.9
evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṁ sikkhāpadaṁ uddiseyyātha—
“And, monks, this training rule should be recited like this:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.10.1
“Bhikkhu paneva aññataraṁ gāmaṁ vā nigamaṁ vā upanissāya viharati kuladūsako pāpasamācāro. Tassa kho pāpakā samācārā dissanti ceva suyyanti ca, kulāni ca tena duṭṭhāni dissanti ceva suyyanti ca.
‘If a monk who lives supported by a village or town is a corrupter of families and badly behaved, and his bad behavior has been seen and heard about, and the families corrupted by him have been seen and heard about,
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.11
So bhikkhu bhikkhūhi evamassa vacanīyo—
then the monks should correct him like this:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.12
‘āyasmā kho kuladūsako pāpasamācāro, āyasmato kho pāpakā samācārā dissanti ceva suyyanti ca, kulāni cāyasmatā duṭṭhāni dissanti ceva suyyanti ca. Pakkamatāyasmā imamhā āvāsā. Alaṁ te idha vāsenā’ti.
“Venerable, you’re a corrupter of families and badly behaved. Your bad behavior has been seen and heard about, and the families corrupted by you have been seen and heard about. Leave this monastery; you’ve stayed here long enough.”
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.13
Evañca so bhikkhu bhikkhūhi vuccamāno te bhikkhū evaṁ vadeyya—
If he replies,
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.14
‘chandagāmino ca bhikkhū dosagāmino ca bhikkhū mohagāmino ca bhikkhū bhayagāmino ca bhikkhū tādisikāya āpattiyā ekaccaṁ pabbājenti ekaccaṁ na pabbājentī’ti,
“You’re acting out of favoritism, ill will, confusion, and fear. Because of this sort of offense, you only banish some, but not others,”
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.15
so bhikkhu bhikkhūhi evamassa vacanīyo—
then the monks should correct him like this:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.16
‘māyasmā evaṁ avaca. Na ca bhikkhū chandagāmino. Na ca bhikkhū dosagāmino. Na ca bhikkhū mohagāmino. Na ca bhikkhū bhayagāmino.
“No, venerable, the monks are not acting out of favoritism, ill will, confusion, and fear.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.17
Āyasmā kho kuladūsako pāpasamācāro. Āyasmato kho pāpakā samācārā dissanti ceva suyyanti ca. Kulāni cāyasmatā duṭṭhāni dissanti ceva suyyanti ca. Pakkamatāyasmā imamhā āvāsā. Alaṁ te idha vāsenā’ti.
Venerable, you’re a corrupter of families and badly behaved. Your bad behavior has been seen and heard about, and the families corrupted by you have been seen and heard about. Leave this monastery; you’ve stayed here long enough.”
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.18
Evañca so bhikkhu bhikkhūhi vuccamāno tatheva paggaṇheyya, so bhikkhu bhikkhūhi yāvatatiyaṁ samanubhāsitabbo tassa paṭinissaggāya.
If that monk continues as before, the monks should press him up to three times to make him stop.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.19
Yāvatatiyañce samanubhāsiyamāno taṁ paṭinissajjeyya, iccetaṁ kusalaṁ;
If he then stops, all is well.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:1.8.20
no ce paṭinissajjeyya, saṅghādiseso”ti.
If he does not stop, he commits an offense entailing suspension.’”
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.1
Bhikkhu paneva aññataraṁ gāmaṁ vā nigamaṁ vāti
A monk … a village or town:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.2
gāmopi nigamopi nagarampi gāmo ceva nigamo ca.
a village and a town and a city are included in just a village and a town.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.3
Upanissāya viharatīti
Lives supported by:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.4
tattha paṭibaddhā honti cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārā.
robe-cloth, almsfood, dwellings, and medicinal supplies can be obtained in that place.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.5
Kulaṁ nāma
A family:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.6
cattāri kulāni—khattiyakulaṁ, brāhmaṇakulaṁ, vessakulaṁ, suddakulaṁ.
there are four kinds of families: the aristocratic family, the brahmin family, the merchant family, the worker family.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.7
Kuladūsakoti
A corrupter of families:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.8
kulāni dūseti pupphena vā phalena vā cuṇṇena vā mattikāya vā dantakaṭṭhena vā veḷuyā vejjikāya vā jaṅghapesanikena vā.
he corrupts families by means of flowers, fruit, bath powder, soap, tooth cleaners, bamboo, medical treatment, or by taking messages on foot.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.9
Pāpasamācāroti
Badly behaved:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.10
mālāvacchaṁ ropetipi ropāpetipi, siñcatipi siñcāpetipi, ocinātipi ocināpetipi, ganthetipi ganthāpetipi.
he plants flowering trees and has it done; he waters them and has it done; he plucks them and has it done; he ties the flowers together and has it done.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.11
Dissanti ceva suyyanti cāti
Has been seen and heard about:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.12
ye saṁmukhā te passanti, ye tirokkhā te suṇanti.
those who are present see it; those who are absent hear about it.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.13
Kulāni ca tena duṭṭhānīti
The families corrupted by him:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.14
pubbe saddhā hutvā taṁ āgamma assaddhā honti, pasannā hutvā appasannā honti.
they have lost their faith because of him; they have lost their confidence because of him.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.15
Dissanti ceva suyyanti cāti
Have been seen and heard about:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.16
ye saṁmukhā te passanti, ye tirokkhā te suṇanti.
those who are present see it; those who are absent hear about it.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.17
So bhikkhūti
Him:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.18
yo so kuladūsako bhikkhu.
that monk who is a corrupter of families.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.19
Bhikkhūhīti
The monks:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.20
aññehi bhikkhūhi. Ye passanti ye suṇanti. Tehi vattabbo—
other monks, those who see it or hear about it. They should correct him like this:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.21
“āyasmā kho kuladūsako pāpasamācāro. Āyasmato kho pāpakā samācārā dissanti ceva suyyanti ca. Kulāni cāyasmatā duṭṭhāni dissanti ceva suyyanti ca. Pakkamatāyasmā imamhā āvāsā. Alaṁ te idha vāsenā”ti.
“Venerable, you’re a corrupter of families and badly behaved. Your bad behavior has been seen and heard about, and the families corrupted by you have been seen and heard about. Leave this monastery; you’ve stayed here long enough.”
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.22
Evañca so bhikkhu bhikkhūhi vuccamāno te bhikkhū evaṁ vadeyya—“chandagāmino ca bhikkhū, dosagāmino ca bhikkhū, mohagāmino ca bhikkhū, bhayagāmino ca bhikkhū. Tādisikāya āpattiyā ekaccaṁ pabbājenti ekaccaṁ na pabbājentī”ti.
If he replies, “You’re acting out of favoritism, ill will, confusion, and fear. Because of this sort of offense, you only banish some, but not others.”
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.23
So bhikkhūti
Him:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.24
yo so kammakato bhikkhu.
that monk who is having a legal procedure done against him.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.25
Bhikkhūhīti
The monks:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.26
aññehi bhikkhūhi. Ye passanti ye suṇanti. Tehi vattabbo—
other monks, those who see it or hear about it. They should correct him like this:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.27
“māyasmā evaṁ avaca. Na ca bhikkhū chandagāmino, na ca bhikkhū dosagāmino, na ca bhikkhū mohagāmino, na ca bhikkhū bhayagāmino.
“No, venerable, the monks are not acting out of favoritism, ill will, confusion, and fear.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.28
Āyasmā kho kuladūsako pāpasamācāro. Āyasmato kho pāpakā samācārā dissanti ceva suyyanti ca. Kulāni cāyasmatā duṭṭhāni dissanti ceva suyyanti ca. Pakkamatāyasmā imamhā āvāsā. Alaṁ te idha vāsenā”ti.
Venerable, you’re a corrupter of families and badly behaved. Your bad behavior has been seen and heard about, and the families corrupted by you have been seen and heard about. Leave this monastery; you’ve stayed here long enough.”
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.29
Dutiyampi vattabbo.
And they should correct him a second
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.30
Tatiyampi vattabbo.
and a third time.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.31
Sace paṭinissajjati, iccetaṁ kusalaṁ.
If he stops, all is well.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.32
No ce paṭinissajjati, āpatti dukkaṭassa.
If he does not stop, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.33
Sutvā na vadanti, āpatti dukkaṭassa.
If those who hear about it do not say anything, they commit an offense of wrong conduct.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.34
So bhikkhu saṅghamajjhampi ākaḍḍhitvā vattabbo—
That monk, even if he has to be pulled into the Sangha, should be corrected like this:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.35
“māyasmā evaṁ avaca. Na ca bhikkhū chandagāmino, na ca bhikkhū dosagāmino, na ca bhikkhū mohagāmino, na ca bhikkhū bhayagāmino.
“No, venerable, the monks are not acting out of favoritism, ill will, confusion, and fear.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.36
Āyasmā kho kuladūsako pāpasamācāro. Āyasmato kho pāpakā samācārā dissanti ceva suyyanti ca. Kulāni cāyasmatā duṭṭhāni dissanti ceva suyyanti ca. Pakkamatāyasmā imamhā āvāsā. Alaṁ te idha vāsenā”ti.
Venerable, you’re a corrupter of families and badly behaved. Your bad behavior has been seen and heard about, and the families corrupted by you have been seen and heard about. Leave this monastery; you’ve stayed here long enough.”
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.37
Dutiyampi vattabbo.
They should correct him a second
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.38
Tatiyampi vattabbo.
and a third time.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.39
Sace paṭinissajjati, iccetaṁ kusalaṁ.
If he stops, all is well.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.40
No ce paṭinissajjati, āpatti dukkaṭassa.
If he does not stop, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.41
So bhikkhu samanubhāsitabbo.
Should press him:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.42
“Evañca pana, bhikkhave, samanubhāsitabbo.
“And, monks, he should be pressed like this.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.43
Byattena bhikkhunā paṭibalena saṅgho ñāpetabbo—
A competent and capable monk should inform the Sangha:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.44
‘Suṇātu me, bhante, saṅgho.
‘Please, venerables, I ask the Sangha to listen.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.45
Ayaṁ itthannāmo bhikkhu saṅghena pabbājanīyakammakato bhikkhū chandagāmitā dosagāmitā mohagāmitā bhayagāmitā pāpeti.
The monk so-and-so, who has had a legal procedure of banishment done against him, is slandering the monks as acting out of favoritism, ill will, confusion, and fear.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.46
So taṁ vatthuṁ na paṭinissajjati.
And he keeps on doing it.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.47
Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāseyya tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya.
If the Sangha is ready, it should press monk so-and-so to make him stop.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.48
Esā ñatti.
This is the motion.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.49
Suṇātu me, bhante, saṅgho.
Please, venerables, I ask the Sangha to listen.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.50
Ayaṁ itthannāmo bhikkhu saṅghena pabbājanīyakammakato bhikkhū chandagāmitā dosagāmitā mohagāmitā bhayagāmitā pāpeti.
The monk so-and-so, who has had a legal procedure of banishment done against him, is slandering the monks as acting out of favoritism, ill will, confusion, and fear.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.51
So taṁ vatthuṁ na paṭinissajjati.
And he keeps on doing it.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.52
Saṅgho itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāsati tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya.
The Sangha presses monk so-and-so to make him stop.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.53
Yassāyasmato khamati itthannāmassa bhikkhuno samanubhāsanā tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya, so tuṇhassa; yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya.
Any monk who approves of pressing monk so-and-so to make him stop should remain silent. Any monk who doesn’t approve should speak up.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.54
Dutiyampi etamatthaṁ vadāmi …pe…
For the second time, I speak on this matter. …
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.55
tatiyampi etamatthaṁ vadāmi …pe….
For the third time, I speak on this matter. …
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.56
Samanubhaṭṭho saṅghena itthannāmo bhikkhu tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya.
The Sangha has pressed monk so-and-so to make him stop.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.57
Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī, evametaṁ dhārayāmī’”ti.
The Sangha approves and is therefore silent. I will remember it thus.’”
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.58
Ñattiyā dukkaṭaṁ,
After the motion, he commits an offense of wrong conduct.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.59
dvīhi kammavācāhi thullaccayā,
After each of the first two announcements, he commits a serious offense.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.60
kammavācāpariyosāne āpatti saṅghādisesassa.
When the last announcement is finished, he commits an offense entailing suspension.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.61
Saṅghādisesaṁ ajjhāpajjantassa ñattiyā dukkaṭaṁ, dvīhi kammavācāhi thullaccayā paṭippassambhanti.
For one who commits the offense entailing suspension, the offense of wrong conduct and the serious offenses are annulled.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.62
Saṅghādisesoti
He commits an offense entailing suspension:
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.63
saṅghova tassā āpattiyā parivāsaṁ deti, mūlāya paṭikassati, mānattaṁ deti, abbheti; na sambahulā, na ekapuggalo. Tena vuccati—“saṅghādiseso”ti,
only the Sangha gives probation for that offense, sends back to the beginning, gives the trial period, and rehabilitates—not several monks, not an individual. Therefore it is called “an offense entailing suspension”.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:2.64
tasseva āpattinikāyassa nāmakammaṁ adhivacanaṁ. Tenapi vuccati “saṅghādiseso”ti.
This is the name and designation of this class of offense. Therefore, too, it is called “an offense entailing suspension”.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:3.1.1
Dhammakamme dhammakammasaññī na paṭinissajjati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.
If it is a legitimate legal procedure, and he perceives it as such, and he does not stop, he commits an offense entailing suspension.
- pli-tv-bu-vb-ss13:3.1.2
Dhammakamme vematiko na paṭinissajjati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa.
If it is a legitimate legal procedure, but he is unsure of it, and he does not stop, he commits an offense entailing suspension.
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SuttaCentral (suttacentral.net), from the bilara-data and sc-data repositories. Licence: Public Domain (root); CC0 1.0 (translation). Source.